In France, secondary education is in two stages:
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The school year starts in early September and ends in early-July. French school holidays are scheduled by the Ministry of Education, by dividing the country into three zones (A, B, and C) to prevent the overcrowding by family holidaymakers of tourist destinations such as the Mediterranean coast and the ski resorts. Lyon, for example, is in zone A, while Marseille is in zone B, and Paris and Bordeaux are in zone C.
In contrast to the practice in most other education systems, the various school years in France are numbered on a decreasing scale. Thus, pupils begin their secondary education in the sixième (6th class), and transfer to a lycée in the seconde (2nd class), while the final year is the terminale.
In French, the word for student (étudiant(e)) is usually reserved for university-level students, while collège and lycée students are referred to as élèves (pupils or students in English).
The curriculum (le programme officiel) is standardized for all French public institutions. Changes to the programme are made every year by the French Ministry of Education and are published in the Ministry's Bulletin Officiel de l'Éducation Nationale (BO), the official reference bulletin for educators.
| Collège | ||
| Age | Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| 11-12 | Sixième | 6e |
| 12-13 | Cinquième | 5e |
| 13-14 | Quatrième | 4e |
| 14-15 | Troisième | 3e |
The collège is the first level of secondary education in the French educational system. A pupil attending collège is called collégien (boy) or collégienne (girl). Men and women teachers at the collège- and lycée-level are called professeur (no official feminine professional form exists in France although the feminine form "professeure" has appeared and seems to be gaining some ground in usage). The City of Paris refers to a collège in English as a "high school."[1]
Entry in sixième occurs directly after the last year of primary school, called cours moyen deuxième année (CM2). There is no entrance examination into collège, but administrators have established a comprehensive academic examination of students starting in sixième. The purpose of the examination is evaluating pupils' level on being graduated from primary school.
| Subject | Remarks | Starting in |
|---|---|---|
| Humanities & Languages | ||
| French Language and Literature | Features French and translated foreign works; concentrates on grammar and spelling | 6e |
| History & Geography | French-based, but includes foreign history and geography | 6e |
| A first foreign language1 | Known as Première langue vivante étrangère (LV1) | 6e |
| A second foreign language1 or a French regional language | Deuxième langue vivante étrangère (LV2) | 4e |
| Arts & Crafts | 6e | |
| Musical Education | 6e | |
| Civics | Éducation civique | 6e |
| 1Available foreign languages include: English, German, Arabic, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Russian; other languages available per locale. Most pupils study English as the foreign language, either first or second. | ||
| Natural & Applied Sciences | ||
| Mathematics | 6e | |
| Biology & Geology | Sciences de la vie et de la Terre (SVT) | 6e |
| Technology | 6e | |
| Physics & Chemistry | 5e | |
| Optional courses | ||
| Technology | Hours in smaller groups | 6e |
| Latin | 5e | |
| Ancient Greek | 3e | |
The table at the right details the French curriculum. Along with three-to-four weekly hours of physical education, a typical school week consists of some twenty-six (26) hours of schooling. French language and literature occupy the most time, 4–5 hours per week, followed by mathematics, 4 hours per week; other subjects occupy some 1.0-3.5 hours per week.
The curriculum is devised by the French Ministry of National Education and applies to all collèges in France and also for AEFE-dependent institutions. Académies and individual schools have little margin for curriculum customisation. Teachers compose syllabi per precise government educational regulations, and choose textbooks accordingly; every major French publishing house has a textbook branch.
Each subject is usually taught by a different "professeur" or teacher; most teachers teach several different age groups. Collège pupils stay in the same class throughout the school year, and in every subject (except for optional courses such as foreign languages, where students from several classes mix), so each grade is divided into as many classes as necessary. The strong belief in teaching in mixed-ability classesmeans that streaming is rare.
Class size varies from school to school, but usually ranges from 20 to 35 pupils. Each class has a professeur principal (main teacher or class tutor) who is the link between the teaching staff, administration, and pupils. Early in the school year, the pupils elect two délégués (delegates) and two suppléants (substitutes) from their classes. These representatives act as links between the students and the class tutor and represent the pupils at the termly "conseil de classe" (class council), at which teachers, administrators, and delegates of each grade meet to discuss each student's work and level of achievement, that of the class as a whole, and matters of logistics and discipline relating to the class.[2] It is during those meetings that the conseil de classe bestows honours and records warnings on the bulletin de note (report card).
Ultimately, the role of the collège is to prepare students for the advanced subjects of the lycée. At the end of the troisième class, students sit for le diplôme national du Brevet, an end-of-collège examination; The brevet is not required for entrance to the lycée, nor does passing it guarantee that a pupil will progress to the higher-level school.
During the last conseil de classe of the year, held in June, teachers and administrators decide whether or not a pupil can progress to the next grade. In deciding, they evaluate the student's skills, participation, and behaviour. Three outcomes are possible:
A student asked to repeat a grade can appeal said decision. The decision of the appeals council is final.
French parents are not free to choose the state school that their children will attend; unless the children have special learning needs, they will attend the school allocated to them by the carte scolaire (school map). Reasons for attending a state school which is not their nearest include studying an option unavailable in the school to which they were originally assigned (e.g. a rare foreign language).
For many reasons, many parents consider the allocated school inadequate, particularly if they do not like the idea of their children mixing with some of the other pupils at the school. This is especially the case in poor neighbourhoods with large foreign immigrant populations. In any city, there are "better" lycées and collèges, which parents would prefer their children attend (usually dating from the 19th century, in the city centre). The two main methods used in such circumstances to get children into a school other than their assigned school are:
A similar trick is used in cases where some classes in a school are seen as "better" than others. For organisational reasons, students taking certain options are grouped into special classes, which may be academically attractive. These typically include classes taking German as a first foreign language, or Latin or Ancient Greek as options.
| Lycée | ||
| Age | Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| 15-16 | Seconde | 2de |
| 16-17 | Première | 1e |
| 17-18 | Terminale | Tale |
The lycée is the second, and last, stage of secondary education in the French educational system. The City of Paris refers to a lycée in English as a "sixth-form college."[1]
At the end of the final year of schooling, most students take the baccalauréat diploma.
Lycées are divided into (i) the lycée général, leading to two or more years of post–baccalauréat studies, (ii) the lycée technologique, leading to short-term studies, and (iii) the lycée professionnel, a vocational qualification leading directly to a particular career. General and technological education courses are provided in 'standard' lycées, while vocational courses are provided in separate professional lycées.
In practice, competent pupils at a vocational 'lycée professionnel' can also apply to take short-term, post–baccalauréat studies leading to the Brevet de technicien supérieur (BTS), a vocational qualification. This option is also available to pupils at a lycée général.
In France, the lycée général is the usual stepping stone to university degrees. During their year in Seconde students make their final choice of série (course) for the final two years. During the seconde, students mostly take the same courses, despite having different academic skills and interests, so it is usually thought to be an easier year than either the première or the terminale.
After the seconde, most French students choose a general course. In all courses, some subjects occupy more hours in the student's timetable. The baccalauréat examination is different for all three séries, and subjects are weighted according to the course taken.
| Streams | S scientifique (various hard sciences) |
ES économique et social (economics and social sciences) |
L littéraire (humanities) |
| Description | The sciences course requires high-level mathematics (very heavily weighted), physics, and chemistry. | The série ES is balanced between literary and economics courses; students must take economics and social sciences exams. | The série L heavily weighs French language, French literature, Foreign literature in foreign language and Philosophy, and to a lesser extent, history, geography and foreign languages. Students must take examinations in one-to-three modern languages, and also have the option of taking examinations in either Latin or ancient Greek or both. |
According to the official statistics, for the 2003–2004 school year, 33 per cent of students chose série S; 19 per cent chose série ES; and 11 per cent chose série L.
All students take philosophy courses in terminale, while French language classes end in the première, excepting the série L, where they become French literature classes, where pupils are to study four books during the year, from French writers, or foreign books translated into French (e.g. Romeo and Juliet during the school year 2007-2008, or The Leopard from Italian author Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa).
There also is a required option for further specialisation in all séries, although it is restricted to the chosen course. For example, a student in série S can choose to specialise in mathematics, physics, "SVT" (biology and geology) or "engineering sciences", but not in philosophy. Specialisation adds a separate, weekly two-hour class in the chosen discipline; also, it increases the weight of the chosen subject at the baccalauréat. The syllabus in the specialisation class is unrelated to the material learned in the common class. Specialisation is an important step in choosing a post–secondary career or subject at university, especially for admission to a classe préparatoire (CPGE).
| International educational scores (1995) (13-year-old's average score, TIMSS Trends in International Math and Science Study, 1995) |
|||||
| Countries: (sample) |
Global rank |
Maths | Science | ||
| Score | Rank | Score | Rank | ||
| Singapore | 1 | 643 | 1 | 607 | 1 |
| Japan | 2 | 605 | 3 | 571 | 3 |
| South Korea | 3 | 607 | 2 | 565 | 4 |
| Czech Republic | 4 | 564 | 6 | 574 | 2 |
| Belgium (Fl) | 5 | 565 | 5 | 550 | 11 |
| Hong Kong | 6 | 588 | 4 | 522 | 24 |
| Bulgaria | 7 | 540 | 11 | 565 | 5 |
| Netherlands | 8 | 541 | 9 | 560 | 6 |
| Slovenia | 9 | 541 | 10 | 560 | 7 |
| Austria | 10 | 539 | 12 | 558 | 8 |
| Slovakia | 11 | 547 | 7 | 544 | 13 |
| Hungary | 12 | 537 | 14 | 554 | 9 |
| Australia | 13 | 530 | 16 | 545 | 12 |
| Russia | 14 | 535 | 15 | 538 | 14 |
| Switzerland | 15 | 545 | 8 | 522 | 25 |
| Ireland | 16 | 527 | 17 | 538 | 15 |
| Canada | 17 | 527 | 18 | 531 | 18 |
| England | 18 | 506 | 25 | 552 | 10 |
| Sweden | 19 | 519 | 22 | 535 | 16 |
| Thailand | 20 | 522 | 20 | 525 | 21 |
| Israel | 21 | 522 | 21 | 524 | 23 |
| Germany | 22 | 509 | 23 | 531 | 19 |
| France | 23 | 538 | 13 | 498 | 28 |
| United States | 24 | 500 | 28 | 534 | 17 |
| New Zealand | 25 | 508 | 24 | 525 | 22 |
| Norway | 26 | 503 | 26 | 527 | 20 |
| Belgium (W) | 27 | 526 | 19 | 471 | 36 |
| Denmark | 28 | 502 | 27 | 478 | 34 |
| Source: TIMSS data, in The Economist March 29th, 1997, p.25 | |||||
The lycée includes eight other streams, called séries technologiques:
The STPA and STAE stream are only available in lycées agricoles, speciality schools for agricultural sciences.
The Lycée Professionnel leads to several different vocational diplomas in all fields of study. The enrolled students are not planning on getting a higher education, as the schooling is vocational training for craftspeople and through internships in companies. It is a good track for students more interested in a hands-on educational approach than in academic schooling and learning.